안녕하세요 목동 영어 미키박 쌤입니다.
3등급이 전교 1등으로!
(목동 영일고, 송도 박문여고)
바로 목동 영어 미키박 쌤과 함께라 가능했습니다!
오늘은 2023년 3월 고3 모의고사 18~45번 변형문제 중 어법성 판단유형 올킬자료입니다.
어법상 출제될만한 부분들을 전부 연습하는 자료입니다.
어법 객관식 문제로 출제되는 경우에도 당연히 도움되고요,
서술형 문제에도 많은 도움이 됩니다.
2023년 3월 고3 모의고사 18~45번 변형문제 중 어법성 판단유형 올킬자료 로 지문 관련 주요 어법 사항을 완벽하게 익혀 보실까요?
다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 곳을 모두 찾아 올바르게 고치시오.
18번
Morganic Corporation, located in the heart of Arkansas, ①spending the past decade ②provided great organic crops at a competitive price, ③grown into the ninth ④leading organic farming operation in the country. As a ⑤seasoned writer with access to Richard Taylor, the founder and president of Morganic, I propose writing a profile piece on Taylor for your magazine. I believe the time ⑥has come to cover Morganic’s rise in the organic farming industry. The piece would run in the normal 800 - 1,200 word range with photographs ⑦available of Taylor and Morganic’s operation. Thank you for your consideration of this article. I hope to hear from you soon.
정답은?
①spent
②providing
③growing
19번
Mark was participating in freestyle swimming competitions in this Olympics. He had a firm belief ①which he could get a medal in the 200m. Swimming was dominated by Americans at the time, so Mark was dreaming of becoming a national hero for his country, Britain. That day, Mark was competing in his very last race — the final round of the 200m. He had done his training and ②been ready. One minute and fifty seconds later, it was all over. He had tried hard and, at his best, ③ranked number four. He fell short of a bronze medal by 0.49 of a second. And that was the end of Mark’s swimming career. He was heartbroken. He had nothing ④left.
정답은?
①that
②was
③was ranked
20번
There is no denying that engaging in argument ①carries certain significant risks. When we argue, we exchange and examine reasons with a view toward ②believe what our best reasons say we should believe; sometimes we discover that our current reasons fall ③short, and that our beliefs are not well ④supported after all. Or sometimes we discover that a belief ⑤that we had dismissed as silly or obviously false in fact ⑥to enjoy the support of ⑦highly ⑧compelling reasons. On other occasions, we discover that the reasons offered by those with whom we disagree ⑨to measure up toetotoe with our own reasons. In any of these situations, an adjustment in our belief is called for; we must change ⑩what we believe, or revise it, or replace it, or suspend belief altogether.
정답은?
②believing
⑥enjoys
⑨measure
21번
Thanks to the power of reputation, we help others without expecting an immediate return. If, thanks to endless chat and intrigue, the world ①knowing that you are a good, charitable guy, then you boost your chance of ②helping by someone else at some future date. The converse is also the case. I am less likely to get my back ③to scratch, in the form of a favor, if it becomes known that I never scratch anybody ③else. Indirect reciprocity now means something like “If I scratch your back, my good example will encourage others to do the same and, with luck, someone will scratch ④me.” By the same token, our behavior is endlessly shaped by the possibility ⑤which somebody else might be watching us or might find out what we ⑥have done. We are often troubled by the thought of ⑦which others may think of our deeds. In this way, our actions have consequences that go far beyond any individual act of charity, or indeed any act of ⑧meanspirited malice. We all behave ⑨differently when we know we live in the shadow of the future. That shadow is cast by our actions because there is always the possibility ⑩that others will find out what we have done.
정답은?
①knows
②being helped
③scratched
③else’s
④mine
⑤that
⑦what
22번
When you experience affect without knowing the cause, you are more likely to treat affect as information about the world, rather than your experience of the world. The psychologist Gerald L. Clore has spent decades ①to perform clever experiments to better understand how people make decisions every day ②based on gut feelings. This phenomenon ③is called affective realism, because we experience ④supposing facts about the world that ⑤is created in part by our feelings. For example, people report more happiness and life satisfaction on sunny days, but only when they are notexplicitly ⑥asked about the weather. When you apply for a job or college or medical school, ⑦making sure you interview on a sunny day, because interviewers tend to rate applicants more ⑧negatively when it is rainy. And the next time a good friend snaps at you, ⑨remember affective realism. Maybe your friend is irritated with you, but perhaps she didn’t sleep well last night, or maybe it’s just lunchtime. The change in her body budget, which she’s ⑩experienced as affect, might not have anything to do with you.
정답은?
①performing
④supposed
⑤are
⑦make
⑩experiencing
23번
Whenever ①possible, we should take measures to resocialize the information we think about. The continual patter we carry on in our heads ②being in fact a kind of ③internalizing conversation. Likewise, many of the written forms we encounter at school and at work — from exams and evaluations, to profiles and case studies, to essays and proposals — ④are really social exchanges (questions, stories, arguments) put on paper and addressed to some ⑤imagined listener or interlocutor. There are significant advantages to ⑥turn such interactions at a remove back into actual social encounters. Research demonstrates that the brain processes the “same” information ⑦differently, and often more effectively, when other human beings are involved — ⑧whether we’re imitating them, debating them, exchanging stories with them, synchronizing and cooperating with them, teaching or ⑨being taught by them. We are inherently social creatures, and our thinking ⑩benefiting from bringing other people into our train of thought.
정답은?
②is
③internalized
⑥turning
⑩benefits
24번
Every day an enormous amount of energy ①being created by the movement of people and animals, and by interactions of people with their immediate surroundings. This is usually in very small amounts or in very ②dispersed environments. ③Virtually all of that energy is lost to the local environment, and historically there ④has been no efforts to gather it. It may seem ⑤odd to consider finding ways to “collect” energy that is given off all around us — by people ⑥simply walking or by walking upstairs and downstairs or by riding stationary/exercise bicycles, for example — but that is the general idea and nature of energy harvesting. The broad idea of energy harvesting ⑦to be that there are many places at ⑧what small amounts of energy are generated — and often wasted —and when ⑨collected, this can ⑩put to some practical use. Current efforts have begun, ⑪aiming at collecting such energy in smaller devices which can store ⑫it, such as portable batteries.
정답은?
①is
④have
⑦is
⑧which
⑩be put
⑪aimed
26번
Georgy Gause was born in Moscow, Russia. He ①was admitted to Moscow State University, ②there he received his undergraduate degree in 1931 and PhD in 1940. Prior to ③achieve his doctoral degree, Gause published his ecological classic, The Struggle for Existence, in 1934 (and in English!). This book and similar research papers in the 1930s helped ④laying the early foundation for population ecology and indeed ⑤foster the introduction of mathematics into the historical development of ecology. In ecology, Gause’s contributions are ⑥equally acknowledged along with those of other early ecologists who studied population dynamics. However, most ecologists are not aware ⑦that Gause eventually went on to conduct very important research on antibiotics and somewhat ⑧leave ecology behind. From 1960 until his death he was director of the institute of antibiotics he and his wife ⑨founded.
정답은?
②where
③achieving
④lay
⑤fostered
⑧left
⑨had founded.
29번
From the 8th to the 12th century CE, while Europe suffered the perhaps overdramatically named Dark Ages, science on planet Earth could ①find almost ②exclusively in the Islamic world. This science was not exactly like our science today, but it was ③surely antecedent to it and was nonetheless an activity ④aimed at knowing about the world. Muslim rulers granted scientific institutions tremendous resources, such as libraries, observatories, and hospitals. Great schools in all the cities ⑤covered the Arabic Near East and Northern Africa (and even into Spain) ⑥trained generations of scholars. Almost every word in the modern scientific lexicon that begins with the prefix “al” ⑦owing its origins to Islamic science — algorithm, alchemy, alcohol, alkali, algebra. And then, just over 400 years after it started, it ground to an apparent halt, and it would be a few hundred years, give or take, before ⑧which we would today unmistakably recognize as science appeared in Europe — with Galileo, Kepler, and, a bit later, Newton.
정답은?
①be found
⑤covering
⑦owes
⑧what
30번
In centuries past, we might learn much about life from the wisdom of our elders. Today, the majority of the messages we receive about how to live a good life ①coming not from Granny’s long experience of the world, but from advertising executives ②hope to sell us products. If we are satisfied with our lives, we will not feel a ③burnt desire to purchase anything, and then the economy may collapse. But if we are unsatisfied, and any of the products we buy actually ④deliver the ⑤promising lasting fulfillment, subsequent sales figures may likewise drop. We exist in a fog of messaging ⑥designed ⑦explicitly to influence our behavior. Not surprisingly, our behavior often shifts in ⑧precisely the manner ⑨intended. If you can ⑩make to feel sufficiently inferior due to your ⑪yellowed teeth, perhaps you will rush to the pharmacy to purchase ⑫whitened strips. The lack of any research whatsoever correlating tooth shade with life satisfaction ⑬being never mentioned. ⑭Having told one hundred times a day how to be happy, we spend much of our lives ⑮buying the necessary accoutrements and ⑯feeling disappointed not to discover life satisfaction inside the packaging.
정답은?
①come
②hoping
③burning
④delivers
⑤promised
⑩be made
⑫whitening
⑬is
⑭Having been told
31번
The quest for knowledge in the material world is a ①never-ended pursuit, but the quest does not mean that a ②thorough schooled person is an educated person or ③that an educated person is a wise person. We are too often blinded by our ignorance of our ignorance, and our pursuit of knowledge ④being no guarantee of wisdom. Hence, we are prone ⑤to become the blind ⑥to lead the blind because our overemphasis on competition in nearly everything ⑦making looking good more ⑧importantly than being good. The resultant fear of being thought a fool and criticized therefore ⑨is one of greatest ⑩enemies of true learning. Although our ignorance is undeniably vast, it is from the vastness of this selfsame ignorance ⑪which our sense of wonder grows. But, when we do not know we are ignorant, we do not know enough to even question, let alone ⑫investigating, our ignorance. No one can teach another person anything. All one can do with and for someone else ⑬to be to facilitate learning by helping the person ⑭to discover the wonder of their ignorance.
정답은?
①never-ending
②thoroughly
④is
⑤to becoming
⑥leading
⑦makes
⑧important
⑪that
⑫investigate
⑬is
32번
LewisWilliams believes that the religious view of hunter groups ①being a contract between the hunter and the ②hunted. ‘The powers of the underworld allowed people to kill animals, ③provided people ④responding in certain ritual ways, such as taking fragments of animals into the caves and ⑤inserting them into the “membrane”.’ This is borne out in the San. Like other shamanistic societies, they have ⑥admired practices between human hunters and their prey, suffused with taboos derived from extensive natural knowledge. These practices suggest that honouring ⑦should be one method of softening the disquiet of killing. It should be said that this disquiet needn’t ⑧arise because there is something fundamentally wrong with a human ⑨killed another animal, but simply because we are aware of doing the killing. And perhaps, too, ⑩because of some sense we ‘know’ what we are killing. We make sound guesses ⑪which the pain and desire for life we feel — our worlds of experience — ⑫have a counterpart in the animal we kill. As predators, this can create problems for us. One way to smooth those edges, then, ⑬is to view that prey with respect.
정답은?
①was
④responded
⑥admiring
⑦may
⑨killing
⑩because in
⑪that
33번
The empiricist philosopher John Locke argued that when the human being was first born, the mind was simply a blank slate — a tabula rasa — ①waited to ②write on by experience. Locke believed that our experience shapes who we are and who we become — and therefore he also believed that, ③given different experiences, human beings would ④have had different characters. The influence of these ideas was profound, particularly for the new colonies in America, for example, because these were conscious attempts to make a new start and ⑤to form a new society. The new society was to operate on a different basis from that of European culture, ⑥it was based on the feudal system ⑦which people’s place in society was almost entirely determined by birth, and ⑧which therefore tended to emphasize innate characteristics. Locke’s emphasis on the importance of experience in forming the human being ⑨providing an optimistic framework for those trying to form a different society.
정답은?
①waiting
②be written
④have
⑥which
⑦in which
⑨provided
34번
In A Theory of Adaptation, Linda Hutcheon argues that “An adaptation is not vampiric: it does not draw the lifeblood from its source and ①leaves it dying or dead, nor ②it is paler than the adapted work. It may, on the contrary, keep that prior work alive, ③giving it an afterlife it would never ④have otherwise.” Hutcheon’s refusal to see adaptation as “vampiric” is particularly ⑤inspired for those of us who do work on adaptations. The idea of an “afterlife” of texts, of seeing ⑥what comes before as an inspiration for ⑦what comes now, ⑧being, by its very definition, ⑨keeping works “alive.” Adaptations for young adults, in particular, have the ⑩added benefit of engaging the young adult reader with both then and now, past and present — ⑪functioned as both “monuments” to history and the “flesh” of the reader’s ⑫lived experience. While this is true for adaptations in general, it is especially important for those ⑬to write with young adults in mind. Such adaptations allow young readers to make personal connections with texts that might otherwise come across as ⑭oldfashioned or irrelevant.
정답은?
①leave
②is it
④have had
⑤inspiring
⑧is
⑪functioning
⑬written
35번
According to the principle of social proof, one way individuals determine appropriate behavior for ①them in a situation ②being to examine the behavior of others there —especially similar others. It is through social comparison with these referent others ③whom people validate the correctness of their opinions and decisions. Consequently, people tend to behave as their friends and peers have behaved. ④Because the critical source of information within the principle of social proof ⑤being the responses of referent others, compliance tactics that employ this information should be especially effective in collectivistically ⑥orienting nations and persons. Some evidence in this regard comes from a study ⑦showed that advertisements that ⑧promoted group benefits were more persuasive in Korea (a collectivistic society) ⑨as in the United States (an individualistic society).
정답은?
①themselves
②is
③that
⑤is
⑥oriented
⑦showing
⑨than
36번
Aristotle explains that the Good for human beings ①is consisted in eudaimoniā (a Greek word ②combines eumeaning “good” with daimon meaning “spirit,” and most often translated as “happiness”). Whereas he ③had argued in a purely formal way ④which the Good was that ⑤which we all aim, he now gives a more substantive answer: that this universal human goal is happiness. However, he is quick to point out that this conclusion is still somewhat formal since different people have different views about ⑥what happiness is. Some people say it is ⑦worldly enjoyment while others say it is eternal salvation. Aristotle’s theory will turn out to be “naturalistic” in ⑧which it does not depend on any theological or metaphysical knowledge. It does not depend on knowledge of God or of metaphysical and universal moral norms. It depends only on knowledge of human nature and other worldly and ⑨socially realities. For him it is the study of human nature and worldly existence that will disclose the relevant meaning of the notion of eudaimoniā.
정답은?
①consists
②combining
④that
⑤to which
⑧that
⑨social
37번
A large body of research in decision science has indicated that one attribute that is regularly substituted for an explicit assessment of decision costs and benefits ①to be an affective valuation of the prospect at hand. This is often a very rational attribute to substitute —affect ②does convey useful signals as to the costs and benefits of outcomes. A problem sometimes arises, however, when affective valuation is not supplemented by any analytic processing and adjustment at all. For example, sole reliance on affective valuation can make people ③insensitive to probabilities and to quantitative features of the outcome that should effect decisions. One study demonstrated that people’s evaluation of a situation ④which they might receive a shock ⑤to be insensitive to the probability of receiving the shock because their thinking is ⑥swamped by affective evaluation of the situation. People were willing to pay almost as ⑦many to avoid a 1 percent probability of receiving a shock as they were ⑧to pay to avoid a 99 percent probability of receiving a shock. Clearly the affective reaction to the thought of receiving a shock ⑨was overwhelming the subjects’ ability to evaluate the probabilities ⑩associated.
정답은?
①is
④where
⑤is
⑦much
38번
The linguistic resources we choose to use do not come to us as empty forms ready ①to fill with our personal intentions; rather, they come to us with meanings already ②embedded within them. These meanings, however, are not derived from some universal, logical set of principles; rather, as with their shapes, they are built up over time from their past uses in particular contexts by particular groups of participants in the accomplishment of particular goals that, in turn, ③being shaped by myriad cultural, historical and institutional forces. The linguistic resources we choose to use at particular communicative moments ④to come to these moments with their ⑤conventionalized histories of meaning. It is their conventionality that binds us to some degree to particular ways of realizing our collective history. However, while our resources come with histories of meanings, how they come to mean at a particular communicative moment ⑥to be always open to negotiation. Thus, in our individual uses of our linguistic resources we accomplish two actions ⑦simultaneously. We create their typical—historical—contexts of use and at the same time we position ourselves in relation to these contexts.
정답은?
①to be filled
③are
④come
39번
Going beyond very simple algorithms, some ①AIbased tools hold out the promise of supporting better causal and probabilistic reasoning in complex domains. Humans have a natural ability to build causal models of the world—that is, ②explaining why things happen—that AI systems still ③large lack. For example, while a doctor can explain to a patient ④why a treatment works, ⑤refers to the changes it causes in the body, a modern machinelearning system could only tell you that patients who are given this treatment ⑥to tend, on average, ⑦getting better. However, human reasoning is still notoriously prone to confusion and error when causal questions become sufficiently complex, such as when it comes to ⑧assess the impact of policy interventions across society. In these cases, supporting human reasoning with more structured AIbased tools may be helpful. Researchers have been ⑨explored the use of Bayesian Networks—an AI technology that can be used to ⑩mapping out the causal relationships between events, and to represent degrees of uncertainty around different areas—for decision support, such as to enable more accurate risk assessment. These may be particularly useful for assessing the threat of novel or rare threats, ⑪there little historical data is available, such as the risk of terrorist attacks and new ecological disasters.
정답은?
②to explain
③largely
⑤referring
⑥tend
⑦to get
⑦assessing
⑨exploring
⑩map
⑪where
40번
The rise of large, industrial cities ①has had social consequences that are often known as urbanism. The city dissolves the informal controls of the village or small town. Most urban residents are unknown to one another, and most social interactions in cities ②occurring between people who know each other only in specific roles, such as parking attendant, store clerk, or customer. Individuals became more free to live ③what they wished, and in ways that break away from social norms. In response, and ④because the high density of city living requires the pliant coordination of many thousands of people, urban societies ⑤having developed a wide range of methods to control urban behavior. These include regulations that control private land use, ⑥building construction and maintenance (to minimize fire risk), and the production of pollution and noise. The social conditions in large, industrial cities made urban societies ⑦to remove the informal controls of the village or small town, ⑧introducing restrictive measures to effectively induce ⑨coordinating urban behaviors.
정답은?
②occur
③as
⑤have
⑦remove
⑨coordinated
41~42번
Douglas Hofstadter is a scholar who writes about stereotypical thinking. He discusses ①that he calls default assumptions. Default assumptions are ②preconceiving notions about the likely state of affairs—③that we assume to be true in the absence of specific information. ④Giving no other information, when I mention ”secretary,” you are likely to assume the secretary ⑤is a woman, because ”woman“ and ”secretary“ are associated stereotypically. In the absence of specific details, people rely on the stereotype as a default assumption for filling in the blanks. Default assumptions have a tendency, in Hofstadter’s words, to ”permeate our mental representations and channel our thoughts.” For instance, ⑥given the words ”cat,” “dog,” and ”chases,” you are likely to think first of a dog ⑦chases a cat. This line of thought reflects a default assumption that, all else ⑧is equal, the dog is more likely to chase the cat ⑨than the other way around. Default assumptions are rooted in our ⑩socially learned associative clusters and linguistic categories. They are useful in ⑪which people cannot always afford the time it would take to consider every theoretical possibility that confronts them. Nonetheless, default assumptions are often wrong. Default assumptions are only one type of ⑫languagebase categorization. Hofstadter is particularly interested in racebased and genderbased categorization and default assumptions. For instance, if you hear that your school basketball team is playing tonight, do you assume it’s the men’s team? Most people would assume so unless a qualifier is ⑬added to provide specific information. In this case, the qualifier would be ”the women’s basketball team is playing tonight.”
정답은?
①what
②preconceived
③what
④Given
⑦chasing
⑧being
⑪that
⑫languagebased
43~45번
Now I will tell you a story. There lived a young boy named Nick. He would sing and whistle nearly all day. He was as merry as a lark. One day Nick went out ①taking a walk in the forest, at some distance from his home. When he reached a clear stream he felt very thirsty and bent down to drink water. But, just at that moment, he was suddenly seized and found ②himself in the hands of a fierce giant, a hundred times bigger than ③him. For some time the giant held Nick in his big hands, and looked at him with great delight. He then put him into a large bag, and carried him away. Poor Nick, who was in great fear, ④did all he could do to escape from his cruel captor. He tried ⑤to tear the bag, but the giant only laughed at him. At last, the giant came to his own house with a high wall all around it, and no trees, ⑥or flowers. He put Nick into a prison. It was quite a dark room, with iron bars all around it. Nick was very miserable, for he had never before ⑦deprived of his liberty. He dashed backward and forward in his prisonhouse, but he could not escape. He thought of his own pleasant home, his companions, the sunlight, the trees, and the flowers. He screamed and tried to get out between the iron bars, but he only tore himself, and all in vain. In a moment, the giant came again to the prison. He told Nick to sing, the same as he ⑧was when he was in his own home. ”Sing! sing! sing!” said he, “Why don’t you sing?” But Nick was too sad to sing. Who could sing in a prison! At length the giant grew very ⑨angrily, and took Nick out of the prison to make him sing. He shook him, and then ordered him ⑩to sing. Nick felt terrified while ⑩missing whatever he enjoyed with freedom at his home. Now I will tell you who they were. Nick was a little bird and that giant was a cruel boy.
정답은?
③himself
⑥nor
⑦been deprived
⑧did
⑨angry
지금까지 모의고사 변형문제월드 목동영어학원미키박쌤의
2023년 3월 고3 모의고사 18~45번 변형문제 중 어법성 판단유형 올킬자료였습니다.
진심으로 여러분의 좋은 성적을 응원하겠습니다.
감사합니다.
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